原来专家之中,基本上有两大派:一元论(Monism)和二元论(Dualism)。前者说:心灵和大脑不可分割。后者认为,心灵和大脑可以是分开的,但因某种原因,它能影响大脑和身体其他部分。
又一篇Pennsylvania大学的论文:《Look Again: Effects of Brain Images and Mind-Brain Dualism on Lay Evaluations of Research再看一遍:脑图像和心脑二元论对研究奠定的评价的影响》(https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1104&context=neuroethics_pubs),其提纲中有:「Brain scans have frequently been credited with uniquely seductive and persuasive qualities, leading to claims that fMRI research receives a disproportionate share of public attention and funding. It has been suggested that functional brain images are fascinating because they contradict dualist beliefs regarding the relationship between the body and the mind. …… These results, taken together with other recent null findings, suggest that brain images are less powerful than has been argued. 大脑扫描经常被认为具有独特的诱人和说服力,因此人们认为,功能磁共振成像研究在公众关注和资助中所占比例过高。 有人认为,功能性大脑图像之所以令人着迷,是因为它们与关于身体与心灵之间关系的二元论信念相矛盾。 ……这些结果,再加上其他最近的无效发现,表明脑部图像的力量不如人们所争论的那样。」
意思就是说:那些大脑的扫描(哈蟆给大家看的照片),似乎叫我们接受一元论,但是,他们发现这些照片并没有那么大的说服力。
又一篇精神医科的学术论文:《The Persistence of Mind-Brain Dualism in Psychiatric Reasoning About Clinical Scenarios》(精神病患者心脑二元论的持续存在:关于临床方案的推理)(https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/full/10.1176/ajp.2006.163.5.913)结论说:「Mental health professionals continue to employ a mind-brain dichotomy when reasoning about clinical cases. The more a behavioral problem is seen as originating in “psychological” processes, the more a patient tends to be viewed as responsible and blameworthy for his or her symptoms; conversely, the more behaviors are attributed to neurobiological causes, the less likely patients are to be viewed as responsible and blameworthy. 心理保健专业人员在对临床病例进行推理时继续采用脑智二分法。 行为问题被视为源于“心理”过程,就越倾向于认为患者对自己的症状负责和应受谴责。 相反,更多的行为归因于神经生物学原因,患者被认为是负责任和应受谴责的可能性就越小。」