威爾豪森是一位19世紀的神學家。他最代表性的作品應算《 Prolegomena to the History of Ancient Israel》,在其中他提出了“底本說”假設的確定性表述。 它認為摩西五經的起源,是從四本原本獨立的文本修訂而來,這些文本可追溯至傳統認定的作者摩西之後的幾個世紀。直到今天,威爾豪森的假說一直是五經研究的主要模式,此後其他聖經學者參加研究該假說,在摩西五經中工作的人越來越多。 [5]
讓我再舉一個例﹕加州有法律,規定在汽車上的司機和乘客,都要扣上安全帶,否則罰款。在法律上,這規則叫做「Vehicle Code 27315 VC – Mandatory Use of Seat Belts in California」[16] ,全文約三千字,可以自行欣賞。但是,在高速公路的廣告牌上,它只寫著“click it or ticket”。相信大家都猜到原因。請問,我們可以說,這是來自兩個不同政府,甚至不同時代的規則嗎?
在“底本說”未正式被接受之前,一位十二世紀的西班牙拉比Abraham ibn Ezra留意到五經中有一些經文,似乎不可能出自摩西的手,包括他在申命記的結束時,寫及自己的死。[18] 怎麼可能?這問題已經成為一個批評聖經人士常提出的藉口。請見﹕「申34:5-6,摩西怎麼可能寫及自己的死?」,已經解答了。
2。高等批判者說,利未記的律法,對摩西時代的人而言,是太進步了。這些律法應該是主前500年左右,或更後寫的。但是,1902年,考古學家們在巴比倫找到雕刻在一塊七尺高的石碑上的“漢摩拉比法典”(Law of Hammurabi)。它比摩西早了幾百年。於是證明其他文化早有很精細的法律。後來又在敘利亞發現“羅賈瓦”(Ras Syria)石板,是主前1400-1350年文物,上面也有很多和摩西律法相似的條例。[20] 上帝叫批評者啞口無言了。
一位拉比和教授 Dr. Joshua Berman說﹕「越來越多的學者開始質疑是否真的有可能從諸如《塔納赫》(Tanakh,聖經的律法書和先知書)之類的公認文本(received text)進行反思,並在沒有任何外部佐證的情況下,重新建立其先前的發展階段。」然後他列舉很多“底本說”用以辯解自己的例子的錯誤。[29]
著名的護教學家麥道衛(Josh McDowell),在寫成名著《鐵證待審》(Evidence that demands a Verdict)之後,再來一個後續《More Evidence that demands a Verdict》,書中花了很長的編幅,共13章,記錄很多反對“底本說”的聲音。[33]
[1] “Jewish Encyclopedia” (http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/8179-isaac-ibn-jasos-ibn-saktar ) [2] Werner Keller, The Bible as History: A Confirmation of the Book of Books (NY: William Morrow and company, 1957), p.143. [3] Ariel David, “Archaeology Confirms Book of Genesis on Israel’s Arch-nemesis, the Edomites,”18.0902019.(https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/.premium.MAGAZINE-archaeology-confirms-book-of-genesis-on-israel-s-arch-nemesis-the-edomites-1.7855111 ). [4] “Jean Astruc,” Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean_Astruc ). [5] “Julius Wellhausen,” Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius_Wellhausen ). [6] Umberto Cassuto, The Documentary Hypothesis: and the composition of the Pentateuch (Jerusalem: Shalem Press, 2006), p. x, 8; “Documentary Hypothesis’ (https://www.cs.umd.edu/~mvz/bible/doc-hyp.pdf ). [7] “Documentary Hypothesis,” Religion Wiki (https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis ). [8] “Documentary Hypothesis” (https://www.cs.umd.edu/~mvz/bible/doc-hyp.pdf ). [9] R. K. Harrison, Introduction to the Old Testament (Grand Rapids, Mi.: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1969; reprint, Peabody, Ma.: Prince Press, 1999), p. 30 quoted in Colin Smith, ‘A Critical Assessment of the Graf-Wellhausen Documentary Hypothesis,” (https://www.aomin.org/aoblog/reformed-apologetics/a-critical-assessment-of-the-graf-wellhausen-documentary-hypothesis/ ). [10] Josh McDowell, More Evidence that demands a Verdict: Historical Evidence for the Christian Scriptures (Campus Crusade for Christ, 1975), p. 128. [11] Cassuto, The Documentary Hypothesis, book back cover. [12] Ibid., Lecture 2 “The Divine Name,” Lecture 3, “More About Divine Names.” [13] Ibid., p. 118. [14] “Introduction to the Old Testament (Hebrew Bible): Lecture 5 Transcript” (http://openmedia.yale.edu/projects/iphone/departments/rlst/rlst145/transcript05.html ); “Documentary Hypothesis,” Religion Wiki (https://religion.wikia.org/wiki/Documentary_hypothesis ). [15] Julius Wellhausen, Prolegomena to the History of Ancient Israel , chapter 8, ‘Narrative of the Hexateuch,” p.168. [16] “Vehicle Code 27315 VC – Mandatory Use of Seat Belts in California” (https://www.shouselaw.com/ca/defense/vehicle-code/27315/ ). [17] Cassuto, The Documentary Hypothesis, p. 118. [18] “Abraham ibn Ezra”, Wikipedia (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abraham_ibn_Ezra ). [19] Cassuto, The Documentary Hypothesis, p. 119. [20] Ralph O. Muncaster, Can Archaeology Prove the Old Testament? (Eugene, OR: Harvest House Publishers, 2000), p. 31. [21] Wikipedia, “Hittites,” (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hittites ). [22] MESA Community College, “Why Moses Did Not Write the Torah,” (https://www.mesacc.edu/~thoqh49081/handouts/torahclues.html ). [23] Megan Sauter , “Did Camels Exist in Biblical Times? 5 reasons why domesticated camels likely existed,” November 12, 2018. ( https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/ancient-cultures/ancient-near-eastern-world/did-camels-exist-in-biblical-times ). [24] “Why Moses Did Not Write the Torah,” (https://www.mesacc.edu/~thoqh49081/handouts/torahclues.html ). [25] Megan Sauter, “Illuminating the Philistines’ Origins,” August 11, 2020 (https://www.biblicalarchaeology.org/daily/people-cultures-in-the-bible/illuminating-the-philistines-origins/ ). [26] Rabbi Aaron Parry, The Complete Idiot’s Guide to The Talmud (NY: Alpha Books, 2004), p. 17-18. [27] Paul L. Maier, Josephus: The Essential Writings (Grand Rapids, MI: Kregel Publications, 1988), p. 20. [28] Ibid., p. 74. [29] Joshua Berman, “Addressing Biblical Criticism: A Critique of the Documentary Hypothesis,” (https://www.aish.com/jw/s/Addressing-Biblical-Criticism-A-Critique-of-the-Documentary-Hypothesis.html ). [30] Rabbi Shlomo Cohen, “DOCUMENTARY HYPOTHESIS DEBUNKED: An Analysis and Biblical Criticism,” (https://web.archive.org/web/20140909205816/http://www.pearlmancta.com/BiblicalcriticswrongRShlomoCohen.htm ). [31] Unam Sanctam Catholicism, “Deconstructing the Documentary Hypothesis, “ (http://unamsanctamcatholicam.com/history/historical-apologetics/79-history/472-deconstructing-documentary-hypothesis.html ). [32] “The History and Salient Points of the Documentary Hypothesis,” ( https://biblearchaeology.org/research/founder-s-corner/2328-the-documentary-hypothesis ). [33] Josh McDowell, More Evidence that Demands a Verdict (Campus Crusade for Christ, 1975), Chapter 3-15. [34] The John Ankerberg Show, “How Was the Old Testament Written?” September 18, 2013 (https://jashow.org/articles/how-was-the-old-testament-written/ ). [35] Colin Smith, ‘A Critical Assessment of the Graf-Wellhausen Documentary Hypothesis,” (https://www.aomin.org/aoblog/reformed-apologetics/a-critical-assessment-of-the-graf-wellhausen-documentary-hypothesis/ ). [36] “THE DOCUMENTARY SOURCE HYPOTHESIS: Does Anyone Still Believe the Documentary Hypothesis?“ (http://www.ukapologetics.net/docu.htm )。[37] 例﹕Tanakh Translation, The Jewish Study Bible (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 11.